Common instrument names and orchestral terms in English, Italian, French and German

Instrument names and orchestral terms

This page gives an overview of instrument names and orchestral terms in English, Italian, French and German. Frequently used instrument names are presented in singular and plural, and instrument name abbreviations are shown in the last column of the table. Names and orchestral terms are given for various categories in separate tables. Reference sources are listed at the bottom of the page.

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Table with Instrument Names >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion - Definite Pitch	Percussion - Indefinite Pitch	Percussion - Keyboards and Fretted Strings
Table with Orchestral Terms >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion	Keyboards and Fretted Strings	Voice and Miscellaneous

Instrument names

INSTRUMENT NAMES - STRINGS / WINDS / BRASS

English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.
Voice	Voce	Voix	Stimme	Voc.
Strings	Archi	Cordes	Streich-instrumente
Violin(s)	Violino(-i)	Violon(s)	Violine(n), Geige(n)	V., Vn.
Viola(s)	Viola, Viole	Alto(s)	Bratsche(n)	Vla., Va., Br.
Cello(s)	Violoncello(-i)	Violoncelle(s)	Violoncello(-e)	Vlc., Vc.
Double Bass(es)	Contrabbasso(-i)	Contrebasse(s)	Kontrabass(-bässe)	Cb., Kb.
Harp(s)	Arpa, Arpe	Harpe(s)	Harfe(n)
Double-action harp	Arpa a doppio movimento	Harpe à double mouvement	Doppelpedalharfe	Harp, Arp., Hpe.
Woodwinds	Legni/Fiati	Bois	Holzbläser
Piccolo	Flauto piccolo, Ottavino	Petite Flûte	Kleine Flöte, Pikkoloflöte	Picc.
Flute(s)	Flauto(-i)	Flûte(s)	Flöte(n)	Fl.
Alto flute	Flauto contralto	Flûte alto en sol	Altflöte	A.Fl.
Bass flute	Flauto basso	Flûte basse	Baßflöte	B.Fl.
Oboe(s)	Oboe, Oboi	Hautbois	Oboe, Hoboe, Oboen	Ob., Hb.
English horn	Corno inglese	Cor anglais	Englisch Horn	E.H.
Oboe d'amore in A	Oboe d'amore	Hautbois d'amour	Liebesoboe	Ob.d'A.
Eb Clarinet	Clarinetto piccolo in mib	Clarinette en mib	Es Klarinette	Eb.Cl., Eb.Kl.
Clarinet(s)	Clarinetto(-i)	Clarinette(s)	Klarinette(n)	Cl., Kl.
Bass clarinett	Clarione, Clarinetto basso	Clarinette basse	Bassklarinette	B.Cl., Bkl.
Bassoon(s)	Fagotto(-i)	Basson(s)	Fagott(e)	Bn., Fg.
Contrabassoon(s)	Contrafagotto(-i)	Contre-basson(s)	Kontrafagott(e)	C.Bn., C.Fag., C.Bssn., Con.Bn., C.Bon.
Saxophone(s)	Sassofono(-i)	Saxophone(s)	Saxophon(e)	Sax.
Harmonica	Armonica a bocca	Harmonica à bouche	Mundharmonika
Recorder	Flauto dolce, Flauto a becco	Flûte à bec, Flûte douce	Blockflöte
Ocarina	Ocarina	Ocarina	Okarina
Brass	Ottoni	Cuivres	Blech-instrumente
French Horn(s)	Corno(-i)	Cor(s)	Horn, Hörner	Hn., Cor.
Trumpet(s)	Tromba, Trombe	Trompette(s)	Trompete(n)	Tr., Tbe. (pl.)
Cornet(s)	Cornetto(-i)	Cornet(s)	Kornett(e)	Crnt., Kor.
Flugelhorn	Flicorno	Bugle a pistons	Flügelhorn	Flg.
Trombone(s)	Trombone(-i)	Trombone(s)	Posaune(n)	Trb., Tbni. (pl), Tbn., Pos.
Bass trombone	Trombone basso	Trombone basse	Baßposaune	B.Tbn.
Valve trombone	Trombone a pistoni, trombone a macchina	Trombone à pistons	Ventilposaune
Tuba(s)	Tuba	Tuba(s)	Tuba	Tuba
Bass Tuba(s)	Tuba di basso	Tuba basse	Basstuba	B.Tuba, Btb.
Baritone Horn(s), Euphonium(s)	Bombarda, Flicorno basso	Baryton, Euphonium, Euphonion, Saxhorn tuba, Tuba ténor	Euphonion, Baryton	Bar., Euph.
English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.

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Table with Instrument Names >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion - Definite Pitch	Percussion - Indefinite Pitch	Percussion - Keyboards and Fretted Strings
Table with Orchestral Terms >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion	Keyboards and Fretted Strings	Voice and Miscellaneous

INSTRUMENT NAMES - PERCUSSION - DEFINITE PITCH

English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.
Percussion	Percussione / Batteria	Batterie	Schlagzeug
(Wooden with Definite Pitch)
Marimba	Marimba	Marimba	Marimba, Marimbaphon	Mar.
Xylophone	Silofono, Xilofono, Gigelira	Xylophone, Claquebois	Xylophon, Strohfiedel	Xyl.
(Metal with Definite Pitch)
Glockenspiel, Orchestral Bells	Campanelli	Jeu de timbres, Carillon	Glockenspiel	Glck., Glsp.
Vibraphone	Vibrafono	Vibraphone	Vibraphon	Vib.
Tubular Bells, (Bell) Chimes	Campani tubulari	(Tubes de) Cloches	Glocken, Röhrenglocken	Ch., Camp., Cloch., Glk.
Celesta	Celesta, Celeste	Célesta	Celesta
Gong	Gong	Gong	Gong
Antique Cymbals, Crotales	Crotali, cimbali	Cymbales antiques, crotales	(Antike) Zimbeln, Crotales, Antike Cymbeln	Crot.
Handbells	Campanella a mano	Clochettes à mains	Handglocken
Almglocken	Campane da pastore	Sonnailles de troupeau	Almglocken
Steel drum	Tamburo d'acciaio	Tambour d'acier	Stahltrommel
Musical saw	Sega cantante	Scie musicale	Spielsäge
Anvil	Incudine	Enclume	Amboss
Flexatone	Flessatono	Flexatone	Flexaton
Tubaphone	Tubofono	Tubaphone	Tubaphon
(Skin-covered with Definite Pitch)
Timpani (pl), Kettle drums	Timpano(-i)	Timbale(s)	Pauke(n)	Timp., Pk.
Roto-tom	Roto-tom-tom	Roto-tom	Tom-Tom-Spiel
(Other with Definite Pitch)
Slide whistle	Flauto a culisse	Sifflet à coulisse	Lotosflöte
Musical glasses	Bicchieri di vetro	Coupes de verre	Gläserspiel
English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.

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INSTRUMENT NAMES - PERCUSSION - INDEFINITE PITCH

English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.
(Wooden with Indefinite Pitch)
Woodblock	Cassetina, Blocco di legno (cinese)	Wood bloc, Bloc de bois	Holzblock
Temple blocks	Blocchi di legno coreani, Blocchi cinesi	Temple-blocs	Tempelblöcke
Claves	Claves	Claves	Claves, Holzstab
Castanets	Castagnette, nacchere	Castagnettes	Kastagnetten	Cas., Kas.
Agogo-bells (wooden)	Agogo di legno	Agogo de bois	Holzglocken
Guiro	Guiro	Güiro	Guiro
Maracas	Maracas	Maracas	Maracas
Cabasa	Cabasa	Cabaza, calebasse	Cabaza
Jaw bone (of an ass), quijada	Mascella d'asino	Quijada	Schlagrassel
Vibra slap	Vibra slap	Vibra slap	Vibraslap
Slit drum	Tamburo di legno a fessura	Tambour de bois, tambour à fente	Schlitztrommel
(Metal with Indefinite Pitch)
Finger cymbals	Cimbalini	Cymbales digitales	Fingerzimbeln
Cymbals (pl)	Piatti (pl)	Cymbales (pl)	Becken (pl)	Cymb., Ptti., Bck.
Crash cymbals	Piatti, cinelli	Cymbales	Becken-Paar, Becken gewönlich
Suspended cymbal	Piatto sospeso	Cymbale suspendue	Hängendes Becken, Becken freihängend
Sizzle cymbal	Piatto chiodati	Cymbale sur tiges	Nietenbecken
Hi-hat cymbal	Hi-hat, piatti a pedale	Cymbale à pédale, cymbales charleston	Hi-Hat Becken, Fussbecken
Chinese cymbal	Piatto cinese	Cymbale chinoise	Chinesische Becken
Triangle	Triangolo	Triangle	Triangel	Trgl.
Cowbells	Campanelli di vacca, Campanelli da mucca, Campanacci	Cloches de vache, Gencerros	Herdenglocken, Kuhglocken, Viehschellen
Agogo	Agogo	Agogo	Agogo
Tam-tam	Tamtam	Tam-tam	Tamtam
Gong	Gong	Gong	Gong
Wind gong (Feng Luo)	Gong di vento	Gong à vent	Windgong
Bells	Campane	Cloches	Glocken
Bell tree	Mezzaluna	Cloches pavillon	Schellenbaum
Sleighbells	Sonagli, sonagliera	Grelots	(Roll)Schellen
Bell plate	Campana in lastra di metallo	Cloche en lame de métal	PLattenglocke
Cymbal tongs, metal castanets	Castagnette di ferro	Castagnettes de fer	Gabelbecken
Iron pipe	Tubo di ferro	Tuyau de fer	Eisenröhre
Chains	Catena	Chaîne	Kettenrassel
(Skin-covered with Indefinite Pitch)
Snare drum, Side drum	Tamburo, Piccolo Cassa, Tamburo piccolo	Tambour, Caisse claire	(Kleine) Trommel	Sn.Dr., C.C., Tr.
With snares on/off (snare drum)	colle/senza le corde	avec/sans timbres	mit/ohne Schnarrsaite
Piccolo snare drum	Tamburo acuto	Petit tambour	Pikkolotrommel
Field drum	Tamburo militare	Tambour militaire	Rührtrommel, Militärtrommel
Tenor drum	Tamburo rullante, cassa rullante	Caisse roulante	Rührtrommel, Wirbeltrommel, Tenortrommel
Bongo drums	Bongos, Bonghi	Bongos	Bongos
Tom-toms	Tom-toms	Tom-toms	Tom-toms
Timbales	Timpanetti, Timbales latino-americani	Timbales Cubaines, Timbales Créoles	Timbales, Kuba-Pauken
Conga drums	Tumbas	Congas	Congas, Conga-Trommel, Tumba
Bata drums	Tamburo bata	Tambour bata	Bata-Trommel
Bass Drum (upright/on side)	(Gran) Cassa, Tamburone, Tamburo grande (orizzontale)	Grosse Caisse (verticale/à plat)	Grosse Trommel (aufrecht/liegend)	B.Dr., Gr.Cassa, Gr.Tr., G.C.
Tambourine	Tamburino, Tamburo Basco	Tambour de Basque	Schellentrommel, Tambourin	Tmbn., Tamb.
Frame drum, Tambourine without jingles	Tamburino senza cimbali	Tambour sur cadre	Rahmentrommel
Tabor	Tamburo	Tambour de Provence, Tambourin	Tambourin
Djembe	Djembe	Djembe	Djembe
Tambora	Tambora	Tambora	Tambora
Chinese tom-tom	Tom-tom cinese	Tom-tom chinois	Chinesische Tom-tom
Tabla	Tabla	Tabla	Tabla Bamya
Lion's roar, Jackdaw	Ruggito del leone	Rugissement de lion, Tambour à corde	Löwengebrüll
Cuica, Rommelpot	Tamburo a frizione, Puttiputti	Tambour de friction	Reibtrommel, Brummtopf
(Other with Indefinite Pitch)
Whip, Slapstick	Frusta	Fouet	Peitsche
Rattle, Ratchet	Raganella	Crécelle	Ratsche
Police whistle	Fischietto a pallina	Sifflet à roulette	Trillerpfeife
Bird whistle	Richiamo per uccelli	Appeau	Vogelpfeife
Duck call	Gracidio di anitra	Conard	Entenquak
Mouth siren	Sirena a fiato	Sirène à bouche	Sirenenpfeife
Siren	Sirena a mano	Sirène	Sirene
Auto horn	Clacson	Trompe d'auto	Autohupe
Klaxon horn	Clacson	Klaxon	Hupe, Claxon
Sandpaper blocks	Carta vetrata	Papier de verre	Sandpapier, Sandblöcke
Berimbao	Berimbao	Berimbao	Berimbao
Stones	Pietra sonora	Phonolithes	Klingsteine
Bamboo wind chimes	Tubi di bambú	Bambou suspendu	Bambusröhre
Wooden wind chimes	Bacchette di legno sospese	Baguettes de bois suspendues	Holz-Windglocken
Glass wind chimes	Bacchette di vetro sospese	Baguettes de verre suspendues	Glas-Windglocken
Metal wind chimes	Bacchette di metallo sospese	Baguettes métalliques suspendues	Metall-Windglocken
Shell wind chimes	Bacchette di conchiglia sospese	Baguettes de coquille suspendues	Muschel-Windglocken
Thunder sheet	Tuono a pugno	Tonnerre à poignée
Wind machine	Macchina del vento	Machine à vent
Pistol shot	Pistolettata	Coup de pistolet	Pistolenschuss
English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.

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Table with Instrument Names >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion - Definite Pitch	Percussion - Indefinite Pitch	Percussion - Keyboards and Fretted Strings
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INSTRUMENT NAMES - PERCUSSION - KEYBOARD / FRETTED STRINGS

English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.
(Keyboards)
Pianoforte, Piano	Pianoforte, Piano	Pianoforte, Piano	Pianoforte, Piano, Klavier	Pno., Pfte.
Harpsichord	Cembalo, Clavicembalo, Arpicordo	Clavecin	Cembalo, Clavicembalo, Arpicordo
Organ	Organo	Orgue	Orgel	Org.
Accordion	Fisarmonica	Accordéon	Akkordeon, Ziehharmonika, Handharmonika
(Fretted strings)
Guitar	Chitarra	Guitare	Gitarre	Gtr.
Rhythm/Electric guitar	Chitarra battente / elettrica	Guitarre de jazz / électrique	Schlag- (Rhythmus) / Elektrische Gitarre	E.Gtr.
Mandolin	Mandolino	Mandoline	Mandoline	Mand.
Ukulele	Ukulele	Ukulélé	Ukulele
Banjo	Banjo, Bangio	Banjo	Banjo
English	Italian	French	German	Abbr.

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Orchestral terms

The table contains a list of frequently used orchestral terms in English, Italian, French and German. For reference sources, see the list at the bottom of the page.

ORCHESTRAL TERMS - STRINGS / WIND / BRASS

English	Italian	French	German
muted, mutes on, with mute	con sordino, con sordini	sourdine(s), avec sourdine	mit Dämpfer, gedämpft
mute	mettere la sordina	mettre le sourdine, étouffer	dämpfen
take off mutes	via sordini	enlevez les sourdines	Dämpfern weg
without mute	senza sordino	sans sourdine	ohne Dämpfer
Strings
bow	arco	archet	Bogen
with the wood of the bow	col legno	avec le bois	col legno, mit Holz
tip, point of the bow	testa, punta	tête, pointe	Kopf, Spitze
at the point of the bow	punta d'arco	(de la) pointe	Spitze
frog, heel of bow	tallone	hausse, talon	Frosch
at the frog	al tallone	du talon	am Frosch
fingerboard	tastiera	touche	Griffbrett
over the fingerboard	sul tasto, sulla tastiera	sur la touche	am Griffbrett
bridge	ponticello	chevalier	Steg
at (near) the bridge	sul ponticello	sur le chevalet, près du chevalet, contre le chevalet	sul ponticello, am Steg
in the ordinary way, natural (after sul pont., etc.)	modo ordinario (ord.), naturale, normale	mode ordinaire, naturel	gewöhnlich, natürlich, normal
front (of body)	piano armonico, tavola, armonica	table d'harmonie	Decke
back (of body)	fondo armonico	fond	Boden
string	corda	corde	Saite
on D	sul D	3 corde (vln)	auf der D Saite
scordatura	scordatura	scordatura	Skordatur
change G to F#	sol muta in fa#	changez sol en fa#	G nach Fis umstimmen
dampen (the string)	velare	étouffer	dämpfen
no arpeggio (multiple stops)	senza arpeggio	sans arpège	ohne Arpeggio
desk or stand	leggio	pupitre	Pult
divided, divisi	divisi (div.)	divisé(e)s (div.)	geteilt (get.)
not divided, unison, in unison	unisono (unis.), insieme	unis, unisson, simultané	zusammen, einfach, insieme
divided by stand	divisi da leggii	divisé par pupitres	geteilt pultweise
divided in 3 parts	div. a 3	div à 3	dreifach geteilt
divided in 4 parts	div. a 4	div à 4	vierfach geteilt
the others (the rest of a string group)	gli altri, le altre	les autres	die Andere
near the sounding board, près de la table, quasi gitara (harp)	presso sulla tavola	près de la table	Resonanztisch
bisbigliando, whispering (harp)	bisbigliando	chuchotant	flüsternd
dampen, sons étouffes (harp)	velare, coprire	sons étouffes	Dämpfen
laissez vibrer, let vibrate (harp)	lasciar vibrare	laissez vibrer	klingen lassen
Solo vs. multiple players
1st	1°	1er	1ste
2d	2°	2e	1te
a 2, both	a 2	à 2	zu 2
solo	solo	seul	allein
all	tutti	tous	alle
Woodwinds
mouthpiece	imboccatura a becco, bocchino a becco	bec	Schnabel, Mundstück
embouchure	imboccatura	embouchure	Mundloch
finger hole	buco	trou	Griffloch
head/upper/lower joint	testata/pezzo superiore/pezzo inferiore	corps superieur/corps de la main gauche/corps de la main droite	Kopfstück/Oberstück/Unterstück
closed, open hole	foro chiuso, aperto	trou fermé, ouvert	geschlossenes, offenes Griffloch
key hole	foro della chiave	trou de clef	Klappenloch
register key	portavoce	clef du pouce	Überblasklappe
bell	padiglione, campana	pavillon, bonne	Schallbecher, Stütze
reed	ancia	anche	Rohrblatt
double reed	ancia doppia	anche double	doppeltes Rohrblatt
diatonic (harmonica)	diatonico	diatonique	diatonisch
chromatic (harmonica)	cromatico	chromatique	chromatisch
blow (harmonica)	soffiare	souffler	blasen
draw (harmonica)	inspirare	inspirer	einatmen
Brass
mouthpiece	imboccatura, bocchino	embouchure	Mundstück
valves	pistoni	pistons, cylindres	Ventile
slide	pompa mobile a coulisse	coullisse	Zug
tuning slide	pompa d'accordo	corps de recharge	Stimmbogen, Knie
bell	campana	pavillon	Schnallstück, Stürze
bells in the air, bells up	campane in aria, padiglinoni in alto	pavillons en l'air	Schalltrichter auf, Stürze hoch
half (a string group)	le metà	la moitié	die Hälfte
stopped (horns)	chiuso, chiusi	bouché(s)	gestopft
brassy, brassed tone	metallizare i suoni, produrre suoni metallici	cuivré(s)	schmetternd
stopped	chiuso	étouffer, bouché	gestopft
stopped notes	suoni chiusi	sons bouchés, sons éouffés	Stopftöne
open	aperto, aperti	ouvert(s)	offen
English	Italian	French	German

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ORCHESTRAL TERMS - PERCUSSION

English	Italian	French	German
Percussion
single stroke	colpo singolo	coup single	einfacher Schlag
flam	colpo preceduto da acciaccatura	flam	einfacher Vorschlag
drag	gruppetto di due note	drag	doppelter Vorschlag
ruff	ruff, rullo	ruff	dreifacher Vorschlag
open/closed (or buzz or crush) roll	rullo rimbalzato/stretto	roulement ouvert/fermé	offener/dichter Wirbel
choked, dry	secco	sec	trocken
let ring	lasciar vibrare	laisser vibrer, laisser résonner	klingen lassen, ausklingen lassen
soft sticks	bachette molli, bachette morbide	baguettes molles, baguettes douces	mit weiche Schlegeln
hard/medium/soft sticks	bachette dure/medie/soffici (morbidi)	baguettes dures/moyens/doux (mous)	mit harten/mitteln/weichen Schlegeln
wooden sticks	bacchette di legno	baguettes en bois, baguettes de bois	Holzschlegel
rubber mallets	bacchette con l'estremita di gomma	baguettes en caoutchouc	Gummischlegel
plastic mallets	bacchette di plastica	baguettes en plastique	Kunststoffschlegel
brass/steel mallets	bacchette d'ottone/d'acciaio	baguettes de laiton / en acier	Messing-/Stahlschlegel
wire brushes	spazzola	brosses	Besen, Stahlbesen
hand	mano	main	Hand
finger	dito	doigt	Finger
finger nail	ungchia	ongle de la main	Fingernagel
coin	moneta	pièce de monnaie	Geldstück
fist	pugno	poing	Faust
triangle beater	battente da triangolo	baguette de triangle	Triangelschlegel, Triangelstab
snare drum sticks	bacchette da tamburo	baguettes de tambour	Trommelstöcke
timpani mallets	bacchette per timpani	baguettes de timbales	Paukenschlegel
bass drum beater	bacchetta da grancassa	mailloche	Schlegel for große Trommel
guiro scraper	raspa	râpe	Raspel
English	Italian	French	German

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ORCHESTRAL TERMS - KEYBOARDS / FRETTED STRINGS

English	Italian	French	German
Keyboards
key	tasto	touche	Taste
damper	smorzo, smorzatoio, smorzatore	étouffoir	Dämpfer
hammer	martello, martelletto	marteau	Hammer
damper pedal (piano)	pedale di risonanza, pedale del forte	péda;le forte, pédale de résonance	Fortepedal
sostenuto pedal (piano)	pedale tonale, pedale solleva smorzatori	pédale de prolongation	Tonhaltepedal
una corde (piano, single string)	una corde	una corda, avec pédale sourdine, aved céleste	una corda, mit Verschiebung
tre corde (piano, all strings)	tre corde	toutes les cordes	alle Saiten
register, stop (organ, harpsichord)	registro	registre	Register
coupler (organ, harpsichord)	accoppiamento	accouplement	Koppel
rank (organ)	tirante	registre, tirant	Zug
manual (organ)	manuale	manuel	Manual
pedal clavier (organ)	pedaliera	clavier de pédalier, pédalier	Pedalklaviatur
division, organ (organ)	organo	orgue	Orgel, Werk
Great Organ	grand'organo	grand orgue	Hauptwerk
Swell Organ	corpo d'organo in cassa espressiva	récit	Schwellwerk, Oberwerk
Choir Organ	organo corale, organo del coro	orgue de choeur	Chororgel
Positive Organ	organo positivo	positif	Positiv
Echo Organ	organo eco	clavier d'écho	Fernwerk, Echowerk
Pedal Organ	pedale dell'organo, corrispondente al pedale	ensemble des jeux de pédale	Pedalwerk
flue pipe, labial pipe (organ)	canna add anima, canna labiale	tuyau à bouche	Lippenpfeife
reed pipe (organ)	canna ad ancia	tuyau à anche	Zungenpfeife
foundation stops (organ)	registro di fondo	fonds	Grundstimme
flute stops (organ)	registro di flauti	jeux de flûte	Flötenwerk
string stops (organ)	registri violeggianti, registri gambati	jeux de gambe	streichende Stimmen
reed stops (organ)	registri ad ancia, registri a lingua	jeux d'anches	Zungenstimmen
bellows (accordion)	mantice	soufflet	Balg
treble shift (acccordion)	piccolo	registre de la partie chantante	Diskantregister
bass shift (accordion)	registro basso	registre des basses	Baßregister
Fretted Strings
fret	tasto	sillet, frette	Bund
plectrum, pick	plettro	plectre, médiator	Plektrum
capotasto, capo, barre	capotasto	capodastre, sillet	Kapodaster, Saitenfessel
English	Italian	French	German

Navigate the tables (Click on the links)
Table with Instrument Names >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion - Definite Pitch	Percussion - Indefinite Pitch	Percussion - Keyboards and Fretted Strings
Table with Orchestral Terms >>	Strings, Wind and Brass	Percussion	Keyboards and Fretted Strings	Voice and Miscellaneous

ORCHESTRAL TERMS - VOICE / MISCELLANEOUS

English	Italian	French	German
Voice
chest voice	voce di petto	voix de poitrine	Bruststimme
head voice	voce di testa	voix de tête	Kopfstimme
falsetto	falsetto	voix de fausset, fausset	Falsett, Falsettstimme, Fistelimme
vocal cords, vocal fields	corde vocali	cordes vocales	Stimmbänder
Structure and melody
an important line	voce principale	voix principale	Hauptstimme
a subsidiary line	voce secondaria	voix secondaire	Nebenstimme
English	Italian	French	German

Reference sources

Here's a list of reference sources:

• Samuel Adler, The Study of Orchestration, 2nd Edition W.W. Norton and Company, New York, ISBN 0-393-95807-8 (1989).
• Alfred Blatter, Instrumentation and Orchestration, 2nd Edition, Schirmer Books, Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Belmont CA, USA, ISBN 0-534-25187-0 (1997).
• Sem Dresden, Algemene Muziekleer, 12de druk (in Dutch) Wolters-Noordhoff, Groningen, the Netherlands (1972).
• Cecil Forsyth, Orchestration, Dover Publications, Inc., New York, ISBN 0-486-24383-4 (1982).
• Elizabeth A.H. Green, The Modern Conductor, 3rd Edition, Prentice Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-590216-9 (1981).
• Kent Kennan, Donald Grantham, The Technique of Orchestration, 5th Edition, Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, USA, ISBN 0-13-466327-6 (1997).
• Norman Del Mar, Anatomy of the Orchestra, Faber & Faber, London, ISBN 0-571-13185-9 (1983).

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